• Hydraulic fracturing (or fracking) is a "technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock."
• The Distributed Acoustic Sensors (DAS) and Distributed Temperature Sensors (DTS)"are used for multiple measurements along the whole wellbore."
• The existing DAS systems "utilize standard single mode fibre."
• During the hydraulic fracturing treatment, real time data is gathered to analyze the fluid allocations per cluster via recordings from the acoustic energy distribution and temperature profiling.
• The fibre is also used to "acquire seismic and microseismic data at different stages of the well completion. Low frequency crosswell strain is also measured in an observation well or in an offset well."
• Over the past few years, "the utilization of distributed fibre measurements has been increasing. Installing a permanent fibre cable on the outside of a casing string can measure the entire wellbore."
• "However, the requirements for the cable orientation and directional perforation adds additional complexity and costs for the installation of the fibre and, therefore, limits the number of wells that can be instrumented with fibre and monitored simultaneously."

Types of Fiber Optic Cables

• Standard Size: 50 um and 62.5 um (microns)
• Multimode Fiber Wavelengths : 850nm and 1300nm
• Multimode (MM) Fiber "uses an LED as its light source and is used for short distances or less bandwidth intensive applications."

• Standard Size: 8 – 9 um (microns)
• Single Mode Fiber Wavelengths : 1310 nm and 1550 nm
• Single Mode (SM) is "used for long distances or higher bandwidth needs and uses a laser as its light source."
• Single Mode fibers "are identified by the designation OS or Optical Single-mode Fiber. "

Types of Single Mode Fibers

• OS1 type cable "uses a tight buffered construction."
• Application: "(Indoor Use) — moderate distance telco local loops, LANs and point-to-point links in cities, buildings, factories, office parks or campuses. OS1 can support speeds up to 10G and distances up to about 10km (6 miles). "

• OS2 is a "loose tube or blown cable construction. "
• Application: "(Outdoor Use) high fiber count, long distance telco backbone and backhaul lines, direct bury applications along streets and railroads. OS2 can support speeds up to 100G and distances up to 200km (124 miles)."

• Fiber Optics Market by Cable Type (Single-mode, Multi-mode), Optical Fiber Type (Glass, Plastics), Application (Telecom, Premises, Utility, CATV, Military, Industrial, Sensors, Fiber Optic Lighting, Security, Metropolitan), Region — Global Forecast to 2024 (MarketsandMarkets, $ 4,950.00 USD)
• Fiber Optic Market, By Fiber Type $ 402.50 USD